Math and Measurement Reference
This reference section collects the formulas, box-modeling pages, filter math, SPL calculations, and measurement procedures you reach for while planning, verifying, and troubleshooting a system.
Core Electrical Math
- Ohm's Law and Power
- Voltage Drop in DC Circuits
- Battery Runtime Calculation
- Ground Resistance and Noise
- Damping Factor
- Amplifier Efficiency Classes
Enclosure and Speaker Math
- Box Volume from Dimensions
- Sealed Box System Parameters
- Ported Box Helmholtz Resonance
- Bandpass Enclosure
- Speaker Impedance Series and Parallel
- Acoustic Power Efficiency
- Wavelength
- Speed of Sound
- Room Modes and Cabin Resonance
Measurement Procedures
- Measuring Amplifier Gain
- Measuring Frequency Response
- Measuring SPL Maximum Output
- Impedance Measurement Procedure
- Distortion Measurement Procedure
- Power Measurement
- RMS Power from Waveforms
- CEA-2006 Amplifier Rating Standard
Filter and Crossover Math
- First-Order 6 dB per Octave Crossover
- Second-Order 12 dB per Octave Butterworth
- Fourth-Order Linkwitz-Riley 24 dB per Octave
- Active Crossover High-Pass Biquad
- Parametric EQ Biquad Coefficients