Ground Point Reference

This sequence shows what a trustworthy audio ground looks like in practice: clean steel, the right hardware stack, proper torque, and enough protection that corrosion will not creep back into the joint.

Ideal ground characteristics: - Thick steel (structural body member, not thin sheet metal) - Close to amplifier (shorter wire = less resistance) - Accessible for future inspection - Can be re-prepared if needed

Ground point locations by vehicle area:

Vehicle Area	Good Ground Points
Trunk	Trunk floor structural member, spare tire well reinforcement
Under rear seat	Floor pan structural rail
Behind rear seat	B-pillar base
Under front seat	Floor pan reinforcement
Under dash	Steering column support, firewall reinforcement

Never ground to: - Thin sheet metal (high resistance, flexes) - Body filler or rust - Existing factory ground with already-high current (shared impedance noise) - Painted surfaces without removing paint first